Father's reading beliefs and child's media usage habits.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between fathers' reading beliefs and father's and child's media habits and book reading status in the preschool period. In total, 520 fathers with children aged 2-5 years were included in the study. "z score above+1" were defined as the High Parental Reading Scale Score (HPRSS). Moreover, 72.3% of fathers spent 3 hours or more with their children on a day, and 32.9% of fathers used the screen as a reward and 35% as a punishment. Multivariable analysis showed that spending more than 3 hours with their children, not using the screen as a reward, not using it as a punishment, knowing smart signs, getting information from a book, having a screen time less than 1 hour, not using screen alone, doing another activity when not allowed were associated with the HPRSS. The father's reading belief is related to the child's media usage habits.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sedentary life in young adults: a cross-sectional study.

In this study, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary lifestyle of young adults were evaluated. The cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals aged 18-35 years between December 2021 and March 2022. In the study, sedentary life was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), screening time and the Brief Eating Behaviors Questionnaire. 397 people participated in the study and the mean age was 24.41 ± 4.18. Body Mass Index (BMI), time spent in front of the screen, need for psychosocial support, and Short Diet Behaviors Questionnaire (SDBQ) scores showed a significant increase during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period (respectively; p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). It has been observed that there is an increase in the time spent in front of the screen, worsening in eating behaviors, decrease in physical activity, and an increase in BMI values of young adults during pandemic.

Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of family physicians about childhood vaccinations that are not in the routine vaccination schedule: a cross-sectional study.

AIM: In our country, there are childhood vaccinations that are not included in the routine vaccination schedule and that families have to buy and have for a fee. In addition to income level, family physicians' recommendations also play a major role in getting these vaccines.Our study was planned to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of family physicians about rotavirus, HPV and meningococcal vaccines, which are not included in the routine vaccination scheme of the Ministry of Health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out between May and July 2019. The population of our study consists of approximately 30 000 family physicians working as Family Physicians in Turkey. When the sample size is calculated with 5% margin of error and 95% confidence interval, it turns out to be 381. A 15-question questionnaire prepared by scanning the literature and including socio-demographic characteristics was presented to the participants. The Likert scale, which includes 12 questions about rotavirus, meningococcus, HPV and vaccines developed for these microorganisms, was administered to physicians either face-to-face or via the internet. In our study, the statistical significance level was accepted as P < 0.05, and the SPSS statistical package program was used in the calculations. RESULTS: 81 Research Assistants, 62 Family Medicine Specialists and 234 Family Physicians participated in our study, and the participants were determined by simple random sampling method. The mean age of the participating physicians was 37.96 ± 9.3 (min: 25 and max: 68). 50.9% of the physicians were women, 79.8% were married, 85.1% were in the city center, and 62.1% were practicing family medicine as general practitioners. 74.82% of the participating physicians recommend rotavirus and 56.2% HPV vaccines to their patients. 10.6% (40 people) of the physicians participating in our study did not recommend any of the rotavirus, HPV, meningococcal, influenza and adult pertussis vaccines to their patients. In the evaluation of the reason for this, 58.7% (27 people) of physicians who did not recommend special vaccines state that they did not recommend vaccines because they are not included in the routine vaccination schedule of the Ministry of Health. Another important reason was that the vaccines are paid (30.4%, 14 people). To the question of having sufficient information about special vaccines that are not included in the routine vaccination schedule, 26% of the participants stated that they have sufficient knowledge, and 56.5% stated that they have partial knowledge. The Likert knowledge questions total score of those who recommended at least one vaccine to their patients was significantly higher than those who did not recommend it at all. Likert knowledge questions total score of those who had at least one vaccination was significantly higher than those who never had it (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In general, as the level of knowledge about private vaccines decreases, the rates of self-vaccination, recommending it to their patients, and asking it to be included in the national vaccine schedule decrease. For this reason, increasing the knowledge of physicians about vaccines not included in the national vaccination schedule will contribute to the dissemination of vaccines, thus increasing immunity and reducing mortality and morbidity.

Organization of primary care.

Strong primary care does not develop spontaneously but requires a well-developed organizational planning between levels of care. Primary care-oriented health systems are required to effectively tackle unmet health needs of the population, and efficient primary care organization (PCO) is crucial for this aim. Via strong primary care, health delivery, health outcomes, equity, and health security could be improved. There are several theoretical models on how primary care can be organized. In this position paper, the key aspects and benchmarks of PCO will be explored based on previously mentioned frameworks and domains. The aim of this position paper is to assist primary care providers, policymakers, and researchers by discussing the current context of PCO and providing guidance for implementation, development, and evaluation of it in a particular setting. The conceptual map of this paper consists of structural and process (PC service organization) domains and is adapted from frameworks described in literature and World Health Organization resources. Evidence we have gathered for this paper shows that for establishing a strong PCO, it is crucial to ensure accessible, continuous, person-centered, community-oriented, coordinated, and integrated primary care services provided by competent and socially accountable multiprofessional teams working in a setting where clear policy documents exist, adequate funding is available, and primary care is managed by dedicated units.

Breastfeeding frequency of primary healthcare professionals and effective factors.

BACKGROUND: To determine the frequency of breastfeeding of mothers working in primary care, the differences between different employment groups, and the effective factors. METHODS: This descriptive research study was conducted with a self-report online survey design. The snowball sampling method was used for the sample selection, and 151 family physicians and 126 family health professionals were included in the study during the research period (June 2019-December 2019). A 35-item survey was used to collect data. The response rate was 44.9% (49.5% family physicians/40.3% family health professionals). RESULTS: The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 3.9 ± 2.0 months, and the mean duration of total breastfeeding was 16.7 ± 8.5 months. There was no significant difference between the family physicians and family health professionals in terms of exclusive breastfeeding (P = .580) and total breastfeeding (P = .325) durations. The most common reasons for weaning were reduced milk supply (25.6%) and not being able to use breastfeeding leave (23.1%) due to problems at work. Of the sample, 41.3% had problems with their coworkers and 41.9% had problems related to patient care when taking breastfeeding leave. Working in a baby-friendly centre (P = .01), prolonged exclusive breastfeeding (P < .001), and increased hours of breastfeeding leave taken (P = .001) had a positive effect on breastfeeding for ≥24 months while experiencing problems with coworkers in taking breastfeeding leave (P = .023) had a negative effect on this variable. CONCLUSIONS: All of the factors that were determined to affect the continuation of breastfeeding for ≥24 months are modifiable. It is very important for relevant authorities to undertake necessary action to improve the conditions of working mothers based on these results. Health professional that can maintain the balance between family and work will work more efficiently.

Adaptation of the evidence-based practices attitude scale-15 in Turkish family medicine residents.

AIMS: Aim of this study is to translate and apply a cross-cultural adaptation of the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS) in Turkish and investigate its validity and reliability. METHODS: The original EBPAS-15 (a questionnaire assessing health professionals' attitudes to implementation of evidence-based practice) was translated into Turkish. To assess its validity and reliability, 151 family medicine residents answered the EBPAS-15 by web-based survey. In addition, relationships of family medicine residents' characteristics with EBPAS-15 total scores are examined. RESULTS: The results showed that the EBPAS-15 has good internal consistency and reliability. The Cronbach's alpha value for EBPAS-15 was 0.828. The scores of the two scales were highly correlated (ρ = 0.72). In the scale, there was no item with a total correlation value of less than 0.40. For this reason, no item was removed due to the high reliability value of all 15 items. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the EBPAS-15 shows mainly good validity and reliability.

Views and experiences of family physicians about Syrian refugee patients in Turkey: a qualitative research.

AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the attitudes, views and solution proposals of family physicians (FPs) about primary healthcare problems of Syrian refugee patients. This study would be the very first study for Turkey that evaluates the attitudes, views and solution proposals of FPs about primary healthcare problems of Syrian refugee patients. BACKGROUND: Following the anti-regime demonstrations that started in March 2011, the developments in Syria created one of the biggest humanitarian crises in the world and the largest number of asylum seekers continue to be hosted in Turkey. There are some studies evaluating asylum seekers' access to healthcare services in Europe, and the common result is that refugees have free access to primary healthcare services in most countries; however, they face many obstacles when accessing primary healthcare services. While there are studies in the literature evaluating the situation of access to primary healthcare services from the perspective of asylum seekers; there are few studies evaluating the opinions/views of FPs. METHODS: A qualitative methodology informed by the grounded theory was used to guide the research. A total of 20 FPs were interviewed face to face through semi-structured interviews, using 12 questions about their lived experience and views caring of refugee population. Interviews were analysed thematically. FINDING: The following themes were revealed: Benefiting from Primary Health Care Services, Benefiting from Rights, Differences Between the Approach/Attitudes of Turkish Citizens and Refugees, Barriers to Healthcare Delivery, Training Needs of Physicians, Solution proposals. FPs reported that there is a need for support in primary care and a need for training them and refugees in this regard and they specified refugee healthcare centres are the best healthcare centres for refugees; however, the number of these and provided services should be increased.

Evaluation of factors affecting the fat phobia level.

AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate and evaluate factors affecting levels of negative bias or attitude towards obesity, known as "fat phobia." METHODS: The study included 583 individuals who agreed to participate in this research among those presented at our outpatient clinics for any reason. Participants were asked to complete a survey after their written consent was received. The survey consisted of two parts: the first related to socio-demographic information; the second including a "Fat Phobia Scale," the "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory" and the "Beck Depression Inventory." Data analysed using SPSS 20 statistical software. RESULTS: Of the participants, 50.6% were male, and 49.4% were female. Among participants, 49.7% had a weight problem in their family, while 50.6% had experienced weight problems. In addition, 35.7% of participants were overweight, 27.4% severely overweight, 20.1% medium-to-normal weight, 7% severely underweight, 6.7% underweight and 3.1% obese. The median score for fat phobia level did not differ by gender (P = .790) and was 3.07 in both men and women. The fat phobia level did not vary by profession, previous diets, previous weight problems and weight self-assessment (P > .05). There was no significant relationship between fat phobia and age, weight, height, body mass index, state anxiety, trait anxiety and Beck depression score (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The common opinion across studies on bias is that the effective factor in being free from the relevant bias can be achieved through education. Although fat phobia is a new concept, it is an emotion that is always with us at varying levels. In order to minimise the level of fat phobia as much as possible, to draw attention to this situation and to raise awareness, weight management should be ensured for the health of individuals in addition to psychological sessions.

The primary care physicians' despair levels: Original research article.

OBJECTIVES: The profession of medicine is very depressing both mentally and physically. There were studies conducted to investigate the reasons of depression and burnout. Hopelessness leads to depression and may be it is the first sign. The aim of our study is to determine the despair levels of primary care physicians. METHODS: This research is a descriptive study. The study conducted with family physicians and Beck Hopelessness Scale was applied. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using IBM SPSS 23. RESULTS: 40.9% of those without children, 48.9% of those with chronic diseases, 47% of those who had been subjected to violence and 53.5% of those who are not satisfied with working in the primary care received severe hopelessness scores, and these score were significant (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The dissatisfied aspects of Family Medicine System should be examined in detail, and necessary measures should be taken against violence, which is a common problem in the whole healthcare sector. In this way, employee satisfaction and therefore patient satisfaction can be achieved.

Evaluation of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep disorders and nutrition in children.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible changes in sleep behavior and nutrition in children during the pandemic period. METHODS: One hundred fourteen parents who accepted to participate in the study aged 18 and over and who had children between the ages of 6 and 16 were included in the study. A questionnaire was carried out after written consents were obtained. In the first part of the questionnaire, there were a total of 9 questions including socio-demographic information and nutritional characteristics, and the second part included the "Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children" (SDSC). The data were analyzed with the SPSS 20 statistical program. RESULTS: The total number of participants was 114 parents; 64 (56%) of the children were girls and 50 (43.9%) were boys. Among the participants, the number of children who had COVID-19 was 38 (33.3%). There was no statistically significant relationship between going through COVID-19 status and the variables examined in general. The proportion of participants who stated that if the pandemic period was prolonged, COVID-19 would not change their diet was found to be statistically significant (P = .038). The SDSC score was found to be significantly high in girls (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Sleep and nutritional disorders affect the quality of life for all ages for both genders, and their importance increases even more in extraordinary periods such as pandemic. Sleep problems increasing especially with an accompanying anxiety state may lead to developmental problems as well as deepening psychological disorders.

Is there a relationship between breastfeeding status and life style changes, eating behaviors, attitudes, and orthorexia nervosa tendencies of mothers? A web-based study.

AIMS: It was aimed to compare the breastfeeding status and healthy life style changes, eating behaviors, attitudes, and orthorectic tendencies of mothers. METHODS: All volunteered mothers who have a child between the ages of 0 and 2 were included in this cross-sectional study. Five hundred fourteen individuals were included. Five parted questionnaire and "ORTO-11" test and "Eating Attitude Test" were used. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship was found between breastfeeding status and working status and professions of mothers. Mothers who did not breastfeed, skipped main meal more frequently, and smoking and occasional alcohol consumption was higher. The mean score of the participants on the ORTO-11 scale was 25.09 ± 4.80, EAT-40 scale mean score was 18.80 ± 10.42. High-risk in eating attitudes was found in 12.0% of all participants. It was observed that mothers who did not breastfeed were mostly in high-risk group in terms of eating attitude. CONCLUSION: Mothers who did not breastfeed were mostly in high-risk group in terms of eating attitude compared with breastfeeding mothers. It is of great importance that healthcare professionals organize trainings for increasing the general level of knowledge of mothers and provide healthy living and breastfeeding counseling.

Evaluation of the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on smoking addiction levels.

AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the changes in smoking addiction levels during the on-going Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: This study included 104 participants, ≥18 years old who were previous patients of family health clinics for a variety of reasons in the months preceding the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was administered to these patients as part of their initial intakes. The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire related to socio-demographic information and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence after obtaining agreement to participate during the pandemic period. In addition, written informed consent was obtained. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20, was used to analyse the acquired data. RESULTS: The participants were 48.1% and 51.9% women and men, respectively. The pre-pandemic and Covid-19 pandemic mean smoking addiction scores were 5.03 and 5.6, respectively. The smoking addiction levels before and during the Covid-19 pandemic significantly differed (P < .001). Of the individuals with low smoking addiction levels before the pandemic, 17.6% and 29.4% became moderately and highly addicted, respectively. Of the individuals with moderate smoking addiction level, 6.3% and 43.9% became lowly and highly addicted, respectively. CONCLUSION: The smoking addiction level may change based on various factors including behavioural changes. While increases in smoking addiction during the pandemic can be observed caused by behavioural changes and anxieties that may arise because of the pandemic, a decrease in addiction levels and even smoking cessation can also be observed during these times because of the more progressive course of Covid-19 in smokers. Health institutions should therefore take advantage of this period and focus more efforts on the cessation of smoking and other substance abuse issues.

Evaluation of sleep quality, insomnia severity and OSAS risk in primary care population: A descriptive study.

PURPOSE: In our study, we aimed to evaluate the sleep quality, insomnia presence and severity, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) risk of the patients who applied to family health centres and to determine the situations that might be related with these features. METHODS: This study is a descriptive research and conducted in Ankara Güdül, Antalya Degirmenözü, Bursa Sirameseler, Gaziantep Family Health Centre policlinics. The study population consisted of all patients over 18 years of age who were admitted to the family health centres for any reason. A 10-question questionnaire, Berlin questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality questionare and insomnia severity questionare were applied by the researchers from October to December 2017 by using face-to-face interview method. RESULTS: Two hundred nineteen nine people participated in study and 54.5% of them were women. According to the results of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionare, it was found that 27.1% of the participants' sleep quality was good; according to the Berlin sleep questionnaire, 27.4% of the participants had high OSAS risk. According to Insomnia Severity Questionare, 27.1% of them had insomnia lower threshold, 15.4% had moderate insomnia and 3.7% severe insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: In this context, it will be very effective in terms of the quality of life of patients in order to determine the conditions that disrupt sleep hygiene and to perform the necessary interventions which can be intervened in the primary healthcare institutions and the other patients to be delivered to the related upper levels.

Family medicine research assistants' experiences during COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to learn about the experiences of family medicine research assistants during COVID-19 pandemic and to obtain information about improvement activities that can be done in similar situations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted with the research assistants of X University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, who worked in the COVID-19 outpatient clinic during the pandemic period. The research was a qualitative research. Data were analysed using a thematic framework method. RESULTS: In all, 15 research assistants (11 females and 4 males) were included in the study. No remarkable difference was detected in the opinions with respect to their gender and their working period as a physician. The analysis revealed four main themes: emotions experienced during pandemic, working environment, gains and reasons to choose "family medicine." CONCLUSION: Family medicine research assistants have important roles during pandemic. However, in this period, it is very important to know their views to provide the most accurate management and to meet their training needs.

While studies on COVID-19 vaccine is ongoing, the public's thoughts and attitudes to the future COVID-19 vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aim to investigate the thoughts and attitudes of individuals towards the future COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: This descriptive study was carried out on the web between 10/06/2020 and 10/07/2020. The sample constitutes all individuals above 18 years of age using social media and smartphone. The e-survey form was shared by the researchers via the web for a month, and those who completed the survey were included in the study and formed the sample of the research. RESULTS: Seven-hundred and fifty-nine people participated. 49.7% of the participants stated to be vaccinated; 38.4% of them stated to be vaccinated their children against COVID-19; if the vaccine for COVID-19 is developed. The request for the COVID-19 vaccine had relationship with gender, occupation, health insurance, anxiety level, having children and willing to get vaccinated for their children. "Afraid of the side effects of vaccine", "don't think it can be reliable as it will be a new vaccine" and "COVID-19 infection is a biological weapon and the vaccine will serve those who produce this virus" were the most common reasons for rejection of vaccine. CONCLUSION: In our study, afraid of the side effects of vaccine and not thinking it can be reliable as it will be a new vaccine are the most reasons of indecision and rejection about COVID 19 vaccine. In order for the future COVID 19 vaccination campaign to not fail, media, politicians and healthcare professionals should closely follow the vaccination development processes, inform the public transparently and consider public's concerns.

Evaluation of clinical practice guideline quality: comparison of two appraisal tools.

OBJECTIVE: The tools used for critically appraising the quality of clinical practice guidelines are complex and not suitable for the busy end users. So rapid, effective and simple instruments are more preferred. The aim of this study is to compare two critical appraisal tools: iCAHE as a rapid instrument and AGREE II as a complex instrument on guideline quality assessment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The diabetes mellitus guidelines of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Turkey (SEMT) were assessed separately by four appraisers using the iCAHE and AGREE II instruments. The mean iCAHE criteria scores and the total and domain AGREE II scores given by the four appraisers are presented for each guideline. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was detected between the iCAHE scale scores of the guidelines evaluated (P = 0.063). The rank of the guidelines according to their average total iCAHE and AGREE II instrument scores was similar. The iCAHE mean scores of the guidelines were as follows: NICE, 92.85%; SIGN, 92.85%; IDF, 66.07% and SEMT, 73.21%. The AGREE II mean scores of the guidelines were as follows: NICE, 87.13%; SIGN, 78.25%; IDF, 53.44% and SEMT, 53.22%. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to being a quality scale, the iCAHE checklist is easy, practical and short to implement. It also helps the users to understand the quality of the guideline in a shorter time. To increase the use of guidelines, it is important that users with little experience and time use the iCAHE scale as a rapid appraisal tool, but more studies are needed to decide the best appraisal tool.

Violence in healthcare at a glance: The example of the Turkish physician.

BACKGROUND: Violence is an important public health problem that threatens the peace of mind in health institutions as well as in many other sectors. In recent studies, it was stated that violence occurs more frequently in healthcare centers compared to other establishments. In terms of being exposed to violence, healthcare personnel is at 16 times more risk. Violence against healthcare employees has increased gradually in Turkey and the world; it's a serious occupational hazard to consider. AIMS: The aim of our study was to analyze the situation about violence against physicians, to emphasize its importance, to shed light on preventive measures and to create programs and to raise awareness of violence against physicians. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted between October-December 2017. A link was sent to the participants to participate voluntarily through the social media platforms mostly used by physicians and they were asked to fill out a questionnaire. RESULTS: 83.3% of the 948 physicians that participated have experienced at least one episode of violence so far. The most common type of violence was verbal. More than half of violent events occurred in hospitals. One-third of the physicians did nothing in the face of violence, more than half could not report this situation due to lack of time, only one-quarter of those who sought support received it. Only 23.7% of the perpetrators were punished, while physicians saw the lack of deterrent sanctions as the main cause of violence. While 90.2% of physicians feel occupational burnout, 81.6% thought that physicians can protect themselves through effective legislation against violence in healthcare. CONCLUSION: The Law on Violence in Health should be enacted and put into practice as soon as possible.

Assessment of individuals' attitude, knowledge and anxiety towards COVID-19 at the first period of the outbreak in Turkey: A web-based cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the attitude, knowledge and anxiety status of individuals about COVID-19 at the first period of the outbreak. METHODS: This was an observational study carried out in Turkey. An online semi-structured questionnaire was developed by using google forms and the link of the questionnaire was sent through emails, WhatsApp and other social media to the contacts of the investigators between 20th March 2020 and 25th March 2020. The questionnaire contained 21 questions and Beck anxiety scale. RESULTS: About 1070 people were included in the study. Approximately one-fifth of the participants had no idea about treatment and immunisation against COVID-19. According to the categorisation of Beck Anxiety Inventory scores 8.6% showed severe anxiety symptoms. Anxiety levels of women, healthcare workers and those with psychiatric illness were higher (P < .05). It was observed that women, healthcare professionals, those with chronic diseases and those with moderate to severe anxiety used the medical facemask more frequently (P < .05). About 73% of the participants thought that they fully implemented the proposed measures; 25.2% of them stated that population did not take any measures for the COVID-19. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study individuals usually had better awareness and positive attitudes towards COVID-19 pandemic, but there were also things that needed improvement. The most important measure to be taken in order to prevent anxiety from increasing is to ensure the correct access of information and to establish psychological support lines.